Controlling the Internal Environment
Campbell Chapter 40

1. Define osmoregulation, excretion, and thermoregulation.

2. Distinguish between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.

3. Compare osmoregulation in marine and freshwater bony fishes.

4. Describe the anatomy of the kidney and the structure of the nephron.

5. Describe what happens during each of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.

6. Explain the effect on the urine of the transport of materials in the proximal tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal tubule, and collecting duct.

7. How do the solute concentration gradients in the kidney contribute to the formation of urine?

8. How do the solute concentration gradients contribute to the conservation of water?

9. Why is some urea allowed to diffuse back into the interstitial fluid from the collecting duct?

10. Why does the blood not dissipate the high salt concentration in the inner medulla?

11. How does the hypothalamus contribute to osmoregulation?

12. What is the role of ADH in maintaining osmolarity?

13. How does the juxtaglomerular apparatus contribute to kidney function?

14. Describe the roles of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone.

15. What are the effects of each hormone in the RAAS?

16. What different problems are handled by ADH and the RAAS?

17. What is the effect of atrial natriuretic factor?

18. What are the three nitrogenous wastes produced by animals?

19. How is an animal's nitrogenous waste correlated with its habitat? Why does this correlation exist?

20. Distinguish between endotherms and ectotherms. (note: warm-blooded and cold-blooded is NOT a good answer here)

21. Explain the value of each of the following in thermoregulation: adjusting the rate of heat exchange, evaporative heat loss, behavioral mechanisms, metabolic rate.

22. Briefly describe the mechanisms of thermoregulation observed in insects, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, birds, and mammals.

23. Breifly outline the feedback mechanisms at work in thermoregulation.

24. Define torpor, hibernation, and aestivation.

25. What are heat-shock proteins?