Circulation and Gas Exchange
Campbell Chapter 38

1. Describe the difference between an open and a closed circulatory system.

2. Outline the basic circulatory schemes of vertebrates and explain why the four chambered hgeart was a necessary evolutionary development in birds and mammals.

3. Distinguish between the five categories of blood vessels

4. Describe the structure of arteries and veins

5. Trace the path of blood through the heart, starting at the vena cava and ending at the aorta; naming all the parts of the heart, blood vessels, and organs it passes through.

6. Explain the terms systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit, identifying the part of the heart that applies to each.

7. Describe the roles of the SA node and AV node in the control of the heart.

8. Explain the relationship between blood flow velocity, blood pressure and cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

9. Explain how blood pressure is measured.

10. Describe how the flow of blood through capillary beds is regulated and how materials are exchanged between capillaries and the interstitial fluid.

11. Name and briefly describe the primary components of blood.

12. Outline the process of blood clotting.

13. Define cardiovascular disease, heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, LDLs and HDLs.

14. Animals display four basic types of respiratory organs. Describe them.

15. Using the flow of blood through the gill of a fish and the water around it, explain the concept of countercurrent exchange.

16. Briefly describe the structure of the respiratory system, including trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

17. How are vertebrate lungs ventilated?

18. How is breathing controlled in humans?

19. Use the concept of partial pressure to explain the loading and unloading of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolar space and in the tissues.

20. Describe the dissociation curve for hemoglobin and explain how it demonstrates the ability of hemoglobin to deliver oxygen during normal metabolism and during high metabolism.

21. Describe the Bohr shift.

22. Describe the chemistry of CO₂ transport in the blood.

23. How are marine mammals able to remain underwater for relatively long periods of time?